Terms+and+Abbreviation


 * __Access permission__** - allows the user to access a network using a login name and passwords.


 * __AI -__** Artificial Intelligence- A branch of computer science that is concerned with making computers think like human.


 * __ASCII__** - American Standard Code for Information Interchange, code for information exchange between computers made by different companies; a string of 7 binary digits represents each character; used in most microcomputers.

[|Analogue] -


 * __Authenticity__** - confirming one's identity beyond reasonable doubt.


 * __Backdoor__** - A backdoor is a method of bypassing normal authentication procedures of any program to access one's computer without its knowledge.

__**Backup**__ - to copy a file to a second location.

__**Bandwidth**__ - a rate of data transfer, bit rate, measured in bits per second (bps)


 * __Barcode__** -**//U//**//niversal **P**roduct **C**ode//, a unique 12-digit number assigned to retail merchandise that identifies both the product and the vendor that sells the product. The UPC on a product typically appears adjacent to its bar code, the machine-readable representation of the UPC.


 * __Baud__** -indicates the number of [|bits per second] that are transmitted. For example, //300 baud// means that 300 bits are transmitted each second (abbreviated //300 bps// ).


 * __Blu-ray__** -Derived from the blue-violet laser used to read and write this type of disc. Because of its shorter wavelength (405 nm), substantially more data can be stored on a Blu-ray Disc than on the DVD format, which uses a red (650 nm) laser.


 * __BIOS__** - Basic Input Output System- is a booth firmware, designed to be executed first when computers are turned one. It initializes, identify, test system devices like video cards, hard drives, cd roms, keyboard, mouse and other hardware devices.

Byte = 8 bits KB = 1000 bytes MB = 1000 KB GB = 1000 MB  TB = 1000 GB
 * __Bit__** - binary digit//,// the smallest unit of information on a machine. A single bit can hold only one of two values: 0 or 1


 * __BMP__** - Bitmap (A graphic image stored as a specific arrangement of screen dots, or pixels.)

__**Browser**__


 * __BPS__** - **//b//**//its **p**er **s**econd//, the standard measure of data transmission speeds.


 * __CAD__** - Computer Aided Design-- Use of computer technology for the designing objects, real or virtual. CAD often involves more than just shapes, mostly these are 2-3 dimensional designs.


 * __CD-ROM__** – Compact Disk- Read Only Memory. Allows user to save file using laser lights that etch the information on a plastic disc.


 * __Client__** - is the requesting program or user in a //client///server relationship.


 * __COBOL__** - Common Business Oriented Language -A high level programming language developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s and used to develop software used especially for business applications.

__**Commercial Software**__ - softwares that are develop for resale. Another name for this is Payware.


 * __Compatibility__** - of two devices, such as printers, usually means that they react to software commands in the same way. Some printers achieve compatibility by tricking the software into believing that the printer is a different machine. This is called //emulation//.


 * __Computer Virus__** - computer program that can copy itself and infect a computer without the permission or knowledge of the owner.

__**Cookies**__ -

__**Copyright**__ - is a set of exclusive rights granted to individual or group of people or a comply for the orginal work that they have done. The rights will include the rights to copy, distribute and adapt the work. These rights can be licensed, transferred or assigned. See [|Copyrights]


 * __CPU__** - Central processing unit - Brain of the computer, this is where the logical and mathematical operation takes place.


 * __CSS__** - Cascading Style Sheets - is a simple HTML code that will add design, color and effects on a webpage.


 * __Data__** - are group of values that represent the qualitative or quantitative attributes of variables or set of values. It is considered the lowest form of abstraction from which information and knowledge is acquired.

__**Data Compression**__ **-**is used to reduce the file size. This will allow fater transmission of information over the internet.


 * __Data Mining__** - is the process of analyzing data from different perspectives and summarizing it into useful information. Technically, data mining is the process of finding correlations or patterns among dozens of fields in large relational databases.


 * __Data mining software__** - is one of a number of analytical tools for analyzing data. It allows users to analyze data from many different dimensions or angles, categorize it, and summarize the relationships identified.


 * __Data Validation__** - is the process of checking to make sure that the right sort of data has been inputted. This done by the computer system itself, following a set of rules that is has been given.


 * __Data Verification__** - is checking that what was inputted to the system was what meant to be inputted. This check is done buy humans by reading through what has been keyed in to check that no silly mistakes has been made. Or having 2 people key in data, then the computer can compare the 2 inputs.

[|Digital Data]


 * __DBMS__** -Database Management System - A collection of programs that enables users to store, modify and extract information from a database.


 * __dpi__** - dot per inch, which indicates the resolution of an image. The more dots per inch, the higher the resolution. Common laser printer is 600 dots per inch.

__**Download**__ - the process of copying information from the net down to ones computer.


 * __E-Commerce__** - Electronic Commerce ( the buying and selling of goods and services on the Internet, especially the World Wide Web)


 * __EDI__** - Electronic Data Interchange - common method of transferring data between computers.


 * __EDVAC__**- Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (the first computer to incorporate von Neumann's "stored program" concept, in which the program executed by the computer was stored as data, rather than existing as wire connections. )

__**EFT**__ - Electronic Fund Transfer - process of sending money from one bank to another using a network.


 * __Encryption__** - Encoding, or converting data into codes so that the data can not be read by hackers or crackers without having the decryption codes.


 * __ENIAC__** - Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (the first general-purpose electronic computer)


 * __Equality of access__** - universal access to information, not limited to distance, age, race, gender or other personal characteristics.


 * __Ethernet__**- An Ethernet is a common type of physical connection between a computer and another computer, a local network, or an external DSL or cable modem.


 * __E-voting__** - E-voting is an election system that allows a voter to record his or her secure and secret ballot electronically


 * __FIFO__** - First In, First Out (a method of processing and retrieving data)


 * __Firewall__** - special software that functions as a security barrier for an internal network.


 * __Freeware__** - software, often copyrighted, produced for free distribution and use. There often are restrictions regarding sale or modification of the software. Sometimes referred to as public domain software.

__**FTP**__


 * __Globalization -__** and cultural diversity - means of diminishing importance of geographic, political, economic and cultural boundaries.

__**Groupware**__ - content management system that allows team collaboration, like email, team calendar, team management and planning, contacts and some other platforms used for collaboration.

__**GUI**__ - Graphic User Interface - a program that takes advantage of the computer graphics capabilities to make the program easier to use. Common commands are replaced by pictures instead of words.


 * __Hardware__** - the physical manifestation of technology-the wires, monitors, circuitry, etc.- that allows for various programs.


 * __HTML__** – Hyper Text Markup Language - are the code behind all webpage. Sets of that tells the browser what to display on the screen. It holds no pattern and allows users to view the World Wide Web pages anywhere and anytime they want.

__**HTTP**__


 * __ICT__** - Information and Communication Technology (a generic name for all of the technologies involved with communicating with computers)


 * __Information__** - gives meaning to data. It give data a value.


 * __Input/Output devices__** - (parts of the hardware which are used to insert data into a computer, remove data from the computer, or both.)


 * __Integrated software__** - A set of applications made to work together and share data.


 * __Integrity__** - correspondence of data with itself, at its creation.


 * __Intellectual property__** - ideas, discoveries, writings, works of art, software, collections and presentations of data. These data can be protected by copyright, trademarks and patents to protect its owners/ writers/ inventors/ creators.


 * __Internet__** - (the Internet, sometimes called simply "the Net," is a worldwide system of computer networks)

__**Internet language**__ -


 * __Intranet__** - A restricted computer network, allows access to members of organization or group.


 * __IP__** - Internet Protocol (standard that allows dissimilar hosts to connect to each other through the Internet).


 * __ITGS__** - (Information Technology in a Global Society) The Group Three of IB Diploma Programme subjects, subtitled individuals and societies, consists of the humanities and social sciences


 * __Keylogger__** - Program used to record every keystroke typed on a computer keyboard. Usually used to remember passwords for some websites and to seal personal information for malwares.


 * __LAN__** - Local Area Network. Network of computers usually cover a small areal like schools, offices and even homes.

__**License (Multi and Single users)**__ **-** permission and agreement between the company who designed the software and the one who bought it. How to use and distribute/share will be included. Single user License would mean that only the buyer has the right to use it or the software can only be installed in one computer. Multiple users would mean that more than one users can use the software usually the number of users will also be stipulated in the license agreement.

__**Listserv**__ - An automatic [|mailing list server] developed by Eric Thomas for [|BITNET] in 1986. When [|e-mail] is addressed to a LISTSERV [|mailing list], it is automatically [|broadcast] to everyone on the list. The result is similar to a [|newsgroup] or [|forum], except that the messages are transmitted as e-mail and are therefore available only to individuals on the list.(lifted from Webopedia.com)


 * __Logic Bomb__ -** is a programming coded added to a software application or operating system that lies dormant until pre-determined period of time (runs on a specific date). Typically it is embedded in a software with malicious intent, it acts the same was as a virus or a Trojan horse once activated.


 * __MHz__** - Abbreviation for **//m//**//ega**h**ert**z**//. One MHz represents one million cycles per second. The speed of [|microprocessors], called the [|clock speed], is measured in megahertz. For example, a microprocessor that runs at 200 MHz executes 200 million cycles per second. Each computer instruction requires a fixed number of cycles, so the clock speed determines how many instructions per second the microprocessor can execute. To a large degree, this controls how powerful the microprocessor is. Another chief factor in determining a microprocessor's power is its data width (that is, how many [|bits] it can manipulate at one time). (Weobopedia)


 * __MAN__** - Metropolitan Area Network ( network spanning a physical area larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN, such as a city)


 * __MALWARE__**- Malicious Softwares


 * __Memory (RAM,ROM)__** **- RAM** means random access memory - memory inside the computer which allows multitasking, this memory is volatile, when one turns off his/her computer the memory will be erased. **ROM** means read only memory - this memory is non-volatile once written in a CD ROM or any optical disc data can never be changed.


 * __OCR__** -Optical Character Recognition - it involves reading of text from paper and translating the images into a form that the computer can manipulate. An OCR system can enable a user to take a book or any printed material, feed it directly into an electronic computer file, and the edit the file using a word processor.


 * __OMR__** -**//o//**//ptical **m**ark **r**ecognition//, the technology of electronically extracting intended data from marked fields, such as checkboxes and fill-infields, on printed forms. OMR technology scans a printed form and reads predefined positions and records where marks are made on the form. This technology is useful for applications in which large numbers of hand-filled forms need to be processed quickly and with great accuracy, such as surveys, reply cards, questionnaires and ballots. A common OMR application is the use of “bubble sheets” for multiple-choice tests used by schools. (Webopedia)


 * __O__****__perating System (OS)__** - Brings a computer into a state where it can run application softwares.

protocols in seven layers.)
 * __OSI__** - Open System Interconnection (ISO model for worldwide communications that defines a networking framework for implementing


 * __PAN__** - Personal Area Network (computer network organized around an individual person)


 * __PC__** - Personal Computer (Microcomputer designed for use by one person at a time.)


 * __Packet Switch__** - breaks down information and later put together when it reaches the destination. This will protect data from being stolen by crackers when it is traveling to network lines.


 * __Phishing__** - a form of Internet fraud that aims to steal valuable information such as credit cards, social security numbers, user IDs and passwords.

__**Pheaking**__ - is the process of eavesdropping on the contents of a CRT and LCD display by detecting its electromagnetic emissions.


 * Platform (Operating Systems)** - is an underlying hardware or software for a system. Platforms might be an Intel 80486 processor running Microsoft Windows version 2.1. Platform defines a standard around which a system can be developed. Once it has been defined, software developers can produce appropriate software and managers can purchase appropriate hardware and applications.


 * __Privacy__** - is the right to protect one's information without having to share it with others


 * __Processing__** - Processing is the instance in which a program is running in a computer, performing logical and mathematical operations.

__**Public Domain**__ - ownership/property right are help by the public. Not copyrighted by anyone.


 * __Trojan Horse__** - Malware which claims to be something else like jpeg, mp2, avi and alike, when in fact it isn't. It steals important information from user, and can be sent through e-mail attachments.

__**Search Engine**__ -

__**Serial Number**__ - unique number/s assigned for identification of things and even people.

is a unique [|number] assigned for [|identification] which varies from its [|successor] or [|predecessor] by a fixed discrete [|integer] value


 * __Server__** - A server contains information that can be accessed by users through their computers networks. Usually protected by firewalls and set of program to prevent outside access.


 * __Security__** - the protection of hardware, software, machines, and networks from harm.

__**Server**__ -is any combination of hardware and software designed to provide sercice and clients.

__**Shareware**__ - software that is available free of charge; may be distributed for evaluation with a fee requested for additional features or a manual.

__**Simulation**__ - the technique of representing the real world by a computer program; "a simulation should imitate the internal processes and not merely the results of the thing being simulated"


 * __SMTP__** - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (TCP/IP protocol used in receiving e-mail.)

__**Software**__ - are set of programs that will help computer function/useful. One example will be the software that allows computer to shutdown on a specific time.

__**SSL**__ - Security Socket Layer are encryption part of the network to provide security for communicaiton.


 * __Storage__** - device use the keep (temporary or permanent) information for future use. Any device used for the storage of data in a digital form. Examples: hard disks, floppy disks, CD-ROMs, tapes, magnetic strips or chips. Other methods include bar codes, optically readable characters, punched cards and punched paper strips.


 * __SQL__**- Structured Query Language. Is a database management system that is meant to manage data in relational manner.

__**TCP/IP**__ -


 * __Template__** - is a blank form that shows which fields exist, their locations, and their length. In spreadsheet applications, for example, a template is a spreadsheet in which all the cells have been defined but no data has yet been entered.


 * __Upload__ -** the process of copying files from ones computer to the network or internet.


 * __Users Manual__** - is often called User Documentation. Contains how to use a machine, software or other technology products. Usually contains the How to's and FAQs.

__**Virus**__ - is a computer program that can copy itself and infect a computer. The term is used commonly but erroneously to refer to other types like malware, adware and spyware programs that do not have the ability to copy itself to other computers.

__**VPN**__ - Virtual Private Network links 2 or more computers through a locar or wide area network while protecting the data and keeping all the communications private. (I hope you can still remember the metaphor between the boat and the submarine.)


 * __VR__** - Virtual Reality is a hypothetical three-dimensional visual world created by a computer.

__**Warranty**__ - is the guarantee that services will be provided after purchase of software or hardware.

__**Webcam**__


 * __WWW__** - World Wide Web ( computer network consisting of a collection of internet pages that offers information)


 * __WAN__** - Wide Area Network (a network of linked computers covering a multi site, national or even global area.)


 * __WIFI__** - Wireless Local Area Network (a local area network that uses high frequency radio signals to transmit and receive data over distances of a few hundred feet; uses Ethernet protocol)

__**Wizard**__ - a part of the software application which helps it user to perform a particular task. .


 * __WLAN__** - Wireless Local Area Network (a LAN based on WiFi wireless network technology)


 * __Worms__** - Computer worms can run and copy itself across a network, without a host program.